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In "Achondroplasia: A view to the future options emerging from the benchside",  Narayana, J., Horton, W.A, 2013, there is a very interesting point that reflects the challenges of bringing FGFR3-based therapies to the bedside.


"Despite the considerable recent progress in the development of  strategies  to  treat  achondroplasia  with  drugs,  there  remain  significant barriers  to  their  implementation. The  greatest  challenge  may  be  the  ethical  considerations  of  conducting  long-term  clinical  trials  in children  who  do  not  have  a  terminal  illness. Thus,  any  potential  treatment  must  be  thoroughly  tested  in  preclinical  models  and  prove  safe  and  effective  for  children. Even  when  efficacy  and  safety  are  established,  performing  pharmacodynamic  and  pharmacokinetic  studies  to  optimize  treatment protocols  in  children  is  challenging  because  growth  and  metabolic  rates  vary  by  age  and  developmental  stage.


These  factors  all  complicate  the  design  of  clinical  trials  of  potential  drugs,  as  does  the  relative  rarity  of  the  condition,  which  hinders  recruitment.  Another  complicating  factor  is  the  inherent  slowness  of  bone  growth;  without  the  benefit  of  biomarkers  or  other  indicators  that  accurately  reflect  linear  bone  growth,  many  months  are  typically  required  to  demonstrate  increased  bone  growth  velocity  during  a  therapeutic  trial.


Receptor  and  tissue  specificity  is  another  issue.  Clearly,  a  drug  that  acts  only  on  FGFR-3  in  growing  bones  has  advantages  over  drugs  that  poorly  distinguish  FGFR-3  signaling  activity  from  that  of  other  FGFRs,  or  target  FGFR-3  activity  in  tissues  unrelated  to  bone  growth.  In  the  first  case,  drugs  such  as  CNP (like BMN-111  that  target  signaling  pathways  down-stream  of  FGFR-3  not  known  to  be  utilized  by  other  FGFRs  may  have  fewer  side  effects  related  to  suppression  of  other  FGFRs  than  tyrosine  kinase  inhibitors  and  antisense  strategies  that  lack  complete  selectivity  for  FGFR-3.  


However,  such  drugs  may  be  more  likely  to  disturb  functions  of  other  receptors  and  signaling  pathways that  are  modulated  by  CNP.  At  this  point  in  time,  these  questions  are  largely  theoretical,  but  they  will  need  to  be  addressed  in  the  future."


Questions to keep in mind.

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